4月11日，理查德·德冠第三次当选为巴黎政治学院院长。这位唯一的候选人，以27张赞成票和1张弃权票的成绩，开始了他第四个五年制任期。4月12日，法国《世界报》记者奥利维埃·罗勒（Olivier Rollot）就其教育理念进行了专题采访，原题为《与众不同的学院》。

《世界报》：如今，巴黎政治学院对青年人的吸引力是非凡的。您是怎么定义巴黎政治学院“模式”的？它与其他高等学校考前预科班有什么不同？

理查德·德冠： 我们试图结合法国其他高校考前预科班以及英美一些学院的优势，来发展我们的学院。大家都知道，今后学院期待的青年，是充满创造性思维和革新意识的一代人。 为了让学生更为出色、更加成熟，我们鼓励他们参加各类艺术实践活动：摄影、戏剧、写作，等等。年轻的一代应当了解世界多元文化，具备多语种能力。在我们学 院的七个校区中，有40%的 学生来自国外，他们在第三年将要去法国以外的国家生活和学习一年。我看到我们的学生从加尔各答（印度）或东京回来时，眼中闪耀着智慧的火花。而预科班有多 少留学生？他们什么时候可以去国外？如果学生不是年复一年进行机械式的学习，我们也不会将基础教育变成学生所承受的压力和他们的苦恼。我认为，学习是一件 愉快的事情。这并不是说预科班里的学生过得并不快乐，但是这个比例应当是多少？

《世界报》：您打算完全脱离预科班体制？

理查德·德冠：每年中学毕业会考之后，我们都会招收新的学生。这个时候也会招收新一届的研究生。如果说预科班旨在培养高智商的人才，那么它也会显露出其弊端。首先，就是会让人把在17岁到20岁之间获得的成功当作是一生的成功。我认为，在这个年龄段的孩子，最应该做的事情不是每周不停地工作，一天学习18个 小时。他们的压力来自第二年的预科考试能否取得成功，是否会被巴黎综合理工学院或是巴黎高等商学院录取。这是我们的教育理想吗？为了准备考试，他们放弃了 艺术实践活动，放弃了体育运动，甚至对国际上的重大事件都不得而知，真是太遗憾了。有些老师甚至劝告学生，为了顺利通过考试，不要玩电脑，甚至不要看电 视。这只会让那些具备优良素质的学生对时事一无所知。

《世界报》：什么样的学生才能在中学会考中脱颖而出，进入巴黎政治学院呢？

理查德·德冠：学院每年接受的人数都会随着申请的人数而变化。最终录取的人中，有80%到85%的候选人在毕业会考中的评语是非常好的。申请免试的学生各科会考成绩均分要达到18分（法国考试为20分满分制），而这样的学生我们只会录取其中的15%。

《世界报》：您刚刚改革的入学考试制度，能否让新招收的学生各项能力更为均衡，尤其是文学院的学生？

理查德·德冠：对于通过不同类别会考的候选学生，应当尽可能地让测试结果可以凸显他们的特点。对于文学院的学生，我们已经开创了一种很适合他们的测试方法，即文学评论。今年，文学院接受的学生占候选学生的14%，而这个比例在全国也只有11%。这是一个信号。目前，文学在法国的处境是很困难的。而且仍需一些时间，文学这门学科所处的境遇才会有所好转。

《世界报》：在研究生阶段，你们的课程和其他商学院有什么不同？比如，你们的市场学课程就和巴黎高等商学院的课程模式很相似。

理查德·德冠：研究生阶段的课程，我们和巴黎高等商学院有很多相似之处。但也有不同，即我们有双文凭制度。研究生阶段，有一部分课程仍将是基础课程，即根植于社会科学和人文科学中，这部分课程很重要，约占总课程的20%。我们要教给学生的，不是他们在以后的人生中要换三四次工作，不是他们现在学到一些10年或20年后就没用的技术。应该说，基础知识的培训是职业生涯最好的温床。

（曾然/编译）

Comment envisager des études longues à l’issue incertaine, quand la famille vit avec moins de 1.000 euros par mois ? » La question trône en une des plaquettes de présentation des conventions éducation prioritaire (CEP) de Sciences po Paris, qui relève le défi depuis dix ans. En 2010, 130 bacheliers issus de 85 lycées « partenaires » - comptant une forte proportion d’élèves issus de milieux sociaux défavorisés -ont intégré par ce biais l’institution ou ses campus de province, sans passer par la case concours. Cette voie de sélection sur dossier et entretiens, qui attire un millier de candidats chaque année, a accueilli 733 étudiants depuis 2011. Aujourd’hui, les CEP représentent 10 % des nouveaux inscrits.

« De 50 à 70 % de ces élèves, suivant les années, sont des enfants de chômeurs, d’ouvriers ou d’employés. Les trois quarts sont boursiers, la plupart dans les échelons supérieurs », note Hâkim Hallouch, responsable diversité à l’IEP. La mesure a favorisé une démarche plus large d’ouverture sociale à l’école, qui n’accueillait que 6 % de boursiers en 2003… contre 21 % aujourd’hui.

Progressivité des droits

« CEP ou pas, tout boursier à Sciences po est dispensé de droits d’inscription et reçoit de l’école une bourse qui se monte à 75 % de sa bourse d’Etat », indique Hâkim Hallouch. Un dispositif financé grâce à la progressivité des droits appliqués à l’IEP, qui demande jusqu’à 13.000 euros de frais de scolarité aux familles les plus aisées. Les boursiers peuvent en outre solliciter une « bourse aux livres » d’environ 200 euros pour l’achat des manuels scolaires, grâce au mécénat d’entreprise comme L’Oréal. Enfin, « tous ceux qui le demandent obtiennent un logement à la Cité internationale universitaire de Paris ».

C’est le cas d’Eric Shiduhrime qui, en 4^e année, prépare un master finance et stratégie. « En comptant les aides de la CAF, je paie 150 euros de loyer et je m’en sors avec une bourse de 678 euros par mois sans quasiment avoir à solliciter mes parents », calcule l’étudiant venu des Hauts-de-Seine et entré à Sciences po en 2006, via les CEP. Durant sa troisième année, dédiée à l’international, Eric a choisi de s’envoler pour la Caroline du Sud. « J‘ai obtenu une bourse de mobilité de 1.600 euros de la région Île-de-France et de Sciences po. Cela m’a permis de payer le billet d’avion et mon visa. J’ai aussi reçu une bourse de 800 euros de ma municipalité d’origine et une aide de 1.000 euros de l’association La Voix de l’enfant, rapporte l’étudiant, d’origine rwandaise. Il a néanmoins dû contracter un emprunt de 10.000 euros, le montant de ressources personnelles exigé par les Etats-Unis pour la délivrance du visa étudiant. « Mais je l’ai décroché au taux le plus bas du marché et sans caution, grâce au dispositif Oséo garanti par l’Etat. »

« A ce niveau d’études, il n’est pas possible de voir nos étudiants boursiers chercher un job en parallèle. Nous faisons donc en sorte qu’ils disposent d’au moins 6.000 euros par an », précise Hâkim Hallouch. A 500 euros par mois, donc, même avec une chambre en collocation, la vie reste austère. Mais, au moins, le « grand établissement » ne semble plus inaccessible pour de strictes raisons financières.

Marine Relinger

André Miranda

Foi um típico dia carioca em Paris. Na tarde de sexta-feira, um debate foi organizado no tradicional Institut d’Études Politiques, o Sciences Po, universidade da nata intelectual e financeira da França, por onde já passaram François Mitterrand e Jacques Chirac. O tema? « UPP – Uma nova polícia para as favelas. » Na mesa, sob mediação do professor Alfredo Valladão, estavam Ricardo Cota, subsecretário de Comunicação do estado do Rio; José Mariano Beltrame, secretário de Segurança do estado do Rio; e Cacá Diegues, cineasta. Lá pelo terço final do evento, uma jovem moça do Brasil tomou para si a palavra (« Vou furar a fila de um jeito bem brasileiro », disse) e fez críticas às Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora (UPPs). Beltrame respondeu. Cacá e Cota, também.

Diretores são aplaudidos

Mas foram as intervenções dos diretores Cadu Barcellos e Wagner Novais, sobre suas experiências pessoais nas favelas, que fizeram o público explodir em aplausos. Os dois estavam na última fila do auditório, mas logo ficou claro para todo mundo que eram eles, na verdade, os protagonistas de tudo o que acontecia ali.

O debate no Sciences Po fez parte do Festival de Cinema Brasileiro de Paris, uma mostra realizada há 13 anos e que leva à capital francesa produções nacionais. Nesta edição, a programação, que segue até 17 de maio, inclui uma homenagem a Nelson Pereira dos Santos, uma retrospectiva de filmes baseados na obra de Jorge Amado e as primeiras exibições mundiais de « 4 x UPP », documentário dividido em quatro episódios de 25 minutos que Novais, Barcellos, Rodrigo Felha e Luciano Vidigal trouxeram para Paris. O filme é da mesma turma de « 5x Favela – Agora por nós mesmos », inclusive com a produção de Cacá Diegues e Renata Magalhães.

- A gente fez um filme sem compromisso com o governo, com a polícia e nem com a produtora. Nosso compromisso era discutir o que é UPP – explica Barcellos. – Nós mesmos estávamos descobrindo o significado disso para todos.

« 4 x UPP » teve sessão de gala na noite de sexta-feira, com o cinema Nouveau Latina, no bairro do Marais, lotado. Cada um dos episódios, independentes mas complementares, retrata um dos lados envolvidos com as ações para acabar com a violência nas favelas. Barcellos dirigiu « Morro »; Novais, « Asfalto »; Vidigal, « Bandidos »; e Felha, « Polícia ». Nenhum deles se privou de incluir em seus filmes críticas ao projeto, sobretudo a desvios de policiais. Mas o sentimento coletivo é de que a ação traz esperança para o Rio.

- Fui criado na Cidade de Deus, e meu padrasto é policial e trabalha na UPP de lá – conta Novais. – O Rio está passando por um processo que está se confirmando bem-sucedido aos poucos. Ainda falta muita coisa, mas só o fim da rotina de guerra que havia antes já é um bom sinal.

No debate realizado à tarde, Beltrame fez coro com os jovens diretores. Em meio a perguntas sobre Olimpíadas, especulação imobiliária nas favelas e milícias, vindas de brasileiros e franceses, o secretário de Segurança esclareceu como enxerga o momento vivido nas favelas cariocas.

- Segurança pública é um tema delicado, e a gente assumiu desafios que hoje vêm dando resultados animadores – disse. – Mas eu sei que o significado do termo UPP, principalmente para fora do Brasil, é bastante forte. Só que é preciso entender que naquelas comunidades havia um ambiente de guerra.

Após o festival de Paris, o próximo pouso de « 4 x UPP » será na Mostra ACIE de Cinema, organizada pelos correspondentes estrangeiros que trabalham no Brasil, de 17 a 22 de maio. Pela mostra, a exibição do documentário está programada para o dia 21, no Cinecarioca, a sala de cinema do Complexo do Alemão. O local vem a calhar: o quarteto de diretores prepara um quinto documentário, este com cerca de 50 minutos, somente abordando o resultado da UPP do Alemão, caso mais emblemático de comunidade pacificada. O novo filme deve ficar pronto em junho.

* O repórter viajou a convite do festival

O Globo/AC

De nombreux élèves poursuivent des études sans forcément en percevoir le sens. Ce phénomène est-il lié à ce qu’on appelle la « massification » de l’enseignement?

Richard Descoings : L’interrogation autour du sens des apprentissages n’est pas nouvelle, loin s’en faut. Quand Jules Ferry, à la fin du XIXe siècle, a instauré l’instruction obligatoire, il a dû convaincre les parents de l’intérêt que représentait la classe pour leurs enfants.
Lire la suite de  l’article paru dans La Croix du 9 mai 2011

The discussions showed us that the arguments and perceptions were as different as the three embassies. Everybody claimed to support the UN in the best possible way. One takes the overall financial payments as proof, the other the proportion between the respective GDP and the financial support. One emphasizes its diplomatic influence behind the scene, the other the actual work on the ground.

The United Nations are after all a union of independent countries with differing interests and capacities. Or as one of the UN-officials had said: “The UN is a huge ship made up of several states. It has several floors – the highest of those floors has the most influence and power. All states are very good at looking after their own cabins and seeing how he can get it bigger or move to a higher floor; whereas nobody is thinking about the ship or where it is going.

Walking around the UN: Ahead to the next conference!

Meanwhile, we all realized that although the UN did make a few wrong turns, it was still moving forward. This ship has not sunk because the UN is not only made of States but also out of individuals –people like Mr. Harland, Mrs. Hilde Johnson who played a pivotal role in the peace process in Sudan, or Prince al-Hussein. They effectively ensure that the ship continues to move forward even through the thickest of fogs.

Insight and look-out. PSIA students at the French representation to the UN.

Having observed the contradictory visions and the individual struggles behind the (normally) closed doors has contributed to greatest deal to the understanding of the challenges and possibilities of conflict resolution.

We have also learned some very practical things: First, if you have to give an answer that you do not want to give, lower your voice to a level that no one can hear you. Second, for men business casual is less casual, more business and definitely something with a tie; and it is suitable every day according to the evening announcement of Jacques De Champchesnel: “Tomorrow same dress code!” Violent disputes in the hotel rooms for the limited resource of ironed shirts could only be prevented thanks to our newly acquired conflict resolution skills. By the way, “women are always good looking” and therefore free in their under less heavy dress code constraint.

Diplomacy and hospitality: Sciences Po student Adriana chatting with Lakhdar Brahimi and the permanent representative of Brazil to the UN Maria Luiza Ribeiro Viotti.

The New York experience is promising. Adriana took the lead and hopefully she will be come back to the Brazilian embassy in summer. Others found their fortune elsewhere.  “This is our trip!” screamed Augusto in a bar in Harlem. And yes, that was also part of the understanding. When we arrived the place was deadly empty; in the end everybody danced. The owner had told us: “The place will give back all the energy you put in.” With this hope for our future and peaceful conflict settlements we took the flight back to Paris. This time there was no upper deck; there was not much talking either. Too many things had to be reassessed; too much sleep had to be caught up. And then there is still the word – the one word which makes the difference. We keep searching.

Ready for more? Lorenzo internalized the way of life.

By Max Bosse, kindly supported by Tarik Chelali

Photos: Max Bosse

The UN is not liked everywhere in the world. The UN figures low in public polls in the Middle East. Developing countries denounce the dominating role of rich countries. To put it in caricatural terms: The latter decide and give the money – the first sacrifices the blood of their troops. “UN should represent more than the interest of States; it must represent the interest of all of the people of the world”, reminded Vijay Nambiar. He was talking to us minutes after the UN Security Council had adopted, in a historically short delay the ground-breaking resolution (1970) imposing sanctions on Libya. Nambiar acknowledged that there were “no go areas where the UN cannot make statements”. Chinese interior conflicts are out of bounds and the permanent five practically untouchable. Nevertheless since its birth the UN has run 63 missions, with 14 missions currently being implemented.

Combined energy: Prince Zeid Ra’ad Zeid Al-Hussein and Lakhdar Brahimi

An important and understated player in one of those missions is Prince Zeid Ra’ad Zeid Al-Hussein, the permanent representative of Jordan. He chairs the Liberia configuration of the Peacebuilding Commission. His principle is to never forget that “it is their country and their future” you are working on. For him peacekeeping is a “vehicle to get a State out of an emergency and into a situation where development can begin”. In all conflicts, implicated persons must find their own answers to their problems. They need support – not imposed solutions. However, helping the people to help themselves is not always easy in Liberia where the traditional elite network and structure remains highly influential despite the establishment of a new government.

In other conflicts, like Darfur or Afghanistan, the biggest challenge is  getting the long list of actors to agree to sit at the same table. Nicholas Haysom, Director for Political Affairs in the UN Secretary-General’s Executive Office, laments the “lack of imagination” on the part of negotiators and the international community.

He agreed with Stephen Jackson, Chief of Policy at the Department of Political Affairs, in saying that along with the need for creative solutions for conflict, the UN needs to take important steps in bolstering and supporting existing channels that may prevent conflicts from breaking out.

Conflict prevention is “an area where we are still looking for our way”, said Jackson. One path has been traced by Kofi Annan in 2008 when the former UN general secretary succeeded to settle the conflict in Kenya by monopolizing the mediation process in his hands. Multilateral mediation in contrary is contra productive. “In general we have already enough different opinions on the other side”, explained Jackson.

PSIA in NY: Asking for answers – looking for distraction

In his talk with us, David Harland pointed out a few other weaknesses in the UN system. The UN has difficulty in managing its funds, spending them effectively, and ensuring that all missions are financially and structurally flexible: “We are incredibly bad in sequencing and choosing the good instruments”. It is easy to explain why countries are functioning, but it is hard to say why a country fails. “Every unhappy family is different”, argues Harland. As director of the UN Review of civilian capacities he tried to identify possibilities to make those families happy.

Ten years after the Brahimi-Report has proposed possibilities to ameliorate UN peacekeeping efforts, a new strategy called OPEN (national Ownership, global Partnership, deliver with Expertise, be more Nimble = flexible) shall respond to the civilian capacity in the aftermath of a conflict. The UN is aware of the need to adjust its instruments. The 2009 partnership agenda “New Horizon” was presented to us as response to present challenges.

Michael got it right

But ten years after the Brahimi-Report has proposed possibilities to ameliorate UN peacekeeping efforts, a new strategy called OPEN (national Ownership, global Partnership, deliver with Expertise, be more Nimble = flexible) shall respond to the civilian capacity in the aftermath of a conflict. The UN is aware of the need to adjust its instruments. The 2009 partnership agenda “New Horizon” was presented to us as response to present challenges. But one problem persists. The UNSC has the capacity to decide about the instruments, but not the resources to implement them.

The Carnegie Corporation welcomes the PSIA students. Photo: Egle Murauskaite

Max Bosse and Tarik Chelali are students at PSIA: they took part in the Outreach Week At the United Nations- The UN Role in Conflict Management  (February  27th – March  3rd, 2011)

The Program is part of the class taught by Lakhdar Brahimi on Conflict Resolution, supported by the Carnegie Corporation / The Alliance Program  /  The Paris School of International Affairs.

What is the consequence of putting 23 students from 15 countries together in a plane from Paris to New York? A Babylonian babble of voices? Even though they reduced the conversation to French and English, the result was definitely: too much talking on the upper deck!

The steward intervened resolutely in order to protect the other passengers, separated those having a seat on the upper deck from the lower-seated invaders, sent the latter back down and locked the barrier to prevent a new uprising.

This gentle use of force ended the first gathering of the PSIA students and heralded their UN Outreach Week on conflict resolution in New York. There, a lot of talking would follow – this time without repression.

Lakhdar Brahimi had spared no effort to mobilize his former colleagues and friends in the United Nations in order to enable them speak to his class, a Monday morning conference on Conflict Resolution at Sciences Po’s Paris School of International Affairs (PSIA). Indeed, twenty of the highest ranking UN officials presented their work, ideas, and critiques of the United Nations in a series of surprisingly frank conversations and conferences.

Early adopters in the Carnegie conference room

But before the students could dive into the deep and fizzy world of the UN, they had to pass one last test. Jacques De Champchesnel, Director of the Masters of International Security at Sciences Po, had reminded everyone to wear “casual business style”. What that meant … nobody knew it exactly. Lorenzo raised concerns while entering the conference room of the Carnegie Corporation: “I’m not used to such a way of life, yet.” Looking at the table filled with fruits, bagels, wraps and yoghurt the Italian started to grin. It wouldn’t be a difficult transition.

Vartan Gregorian, president of the Carnegie Corporation, who financed a large part of the trip to New York, invited the PSIA group to start their program with a breakfast and he set the framework for the week. He said: “Understanding is better than tolerating. One man can make the difference – or only one word.” And so the 23 Sciences Po students began their quest to discover how to effectively become such a man or woman and to find the words that differentiated peace from war.

Many of you have expressed the desire to address some words of compassion and sympathy to the families of the victims.
Condolence books will be available at the reception at number 27 rue Saint-Guillaume, and will be addressed to the parents of Louise and Jasmine.

Those of you who wish to can also address a message of support to Grace, which will be passed on to her.

My thoughts are with all of you at this sorrowful time.

Sincerely,

Richard Descoings